\subsection{Scientific error versus scientific fraud} 
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Recently, the German climatologist Gra\ss l emphasized
that errors in science are unavoidable, even in 
climate research\TschSpace%
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\cite{Grassl2007}.
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And the IPCC weights most of its official statements 
with a kind of a \lq\lq probability measure\rq\rq\TschSpace%
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\cite{IPCC2007summary}.
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So it seems that,
even in the mainstream discussion on the supposed
anthropogenic global warming, there is room left 
for scientific errors and their corrections.   
  
However, some authors and filmmakers have argued 
that the greenhouse effect hypothesis is not 
based on an error, but clearly is a kind of a scientific fraud. 

Five examples:

\begin{itemize}
\item As early as 1990 the Australian movie
      entitled \lq\lq The greenhouse conspiracy\rq\rq\
      showed that the case for the greenhouse effect 
      rests on four pillars\TschSpace%
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\cite{AustralianMovie1990}:
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      %
      \begin{enumerate}
      \item the \textit{factual evidence}, 
            i.e.\ the climate records,
            that supposedly suggest that a global warming
            has been observed and is exceptional; 
      \item the \textit{assumption} that carbon dioxide is the 
            cause of these changes;
      \item the \textit{predictions of climate models} 
            that claim that a doubling of ${\rm CO}_2$
            leads to a predictable global warming;
      \item the \textit{underlined physics}.
      \end{enumerate}
      %
      In the movie these four pillars were dismantled
      bringing the building down. The speaker states:
      %
      \begin{quote}  
      \lq\lq In a recent paper on the effects of carbon dioxide, 
             Professor Ellsaesser of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, 
             a major US research establishment in California, 
             concluded that a doubling of carbon dioxide 
             would have little or no effect on the 
             temperature at the surface and, 
             if anything, might cause the surface to cool.\rq\rq
      \end{quote}    
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The reader is referred to Ellsaesser's original work\TschSpace%
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\cite{Elsaesser1984}.
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\item Two books by the popular German meteorologist and
      sociologist Wolfgang Th\"une, entitled
      \textit{The Greenhouse Swindle} 
      (In German, 1998)
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\cite{Thuene1998}
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      and
      \textit{Aquittal for $\textit{CO}_2$} 
      (In German, 2002)
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\cite{Thuene2002}
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      tried to demonstrate that the 
      ${\rm CO}_2$ greenhouse effect hypothesis 
      is pure nonsense.
\item A book written by Heinz Hug entitled
      \textit{Those who play the trumpet of fear}
      (In German, 2002),
      elucidated the history and the background of the 
      current greenhouse business\TschSpace%   
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\cite{Hug2006}
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\item Another movie was shown recently on Channel 4 (UK)
      entitled
      \lq\lq The great global warming swindle\rq\rq\
      supporting the thesis that the supposed
      ${\rm CO}_2$ induced anthropogenic global warming
      has no scientific basis\TschSpace%
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\cite{GGWS2007}.
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\item In his paper 
      \lq\lq ${\rm CO}_2$: The Greatest Scientific 
      Scandal of Our Time\rq\rq\ 
      the eminent atmospheric scientist Jaworowski
      made a well-founded statement\TschSpace%
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\cite{Jaworowski2007}.
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\end{itemize} 
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On the other hand,
Sir David King, the science advisor 
of the British government, stated that
\lq\lq global warming is a greater threat 
to humanity than terrorism\rq\rq\ (Singer)%
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\footnote{cf.\ Singer's summary at the Stockholm 2006 conference\TschSpace%
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\cite{Stockholm2006}.%
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},  
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other individuals put anthropogenic 
global warming deniers in the same category 
as holocaust deniers, and so on.
In an uncountable number of contributions 
to newspapers and TV shows in Germany the 
popular climatologist Latif%
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\footnote{%
Some time ago one of the authors (R.D.T.)
was Mojib Latif's teaching assistant 
in the physics lab.}
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continues to warn the public 
about the consequences of rising 
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions\TschSpace%
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\cite{Mopo2007}.
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But until today it is \textit{impossible} to find 
a book on non-equilibrium thermodynamics or 
radiation transfer where this effect is derived 
from first principles.  

The main objective of this paper is not to draw 
the line between error and fraud, but to find 
out where the greenhouse effect appears or
\textit{disappears} within the frame of physics. 
Therefore, 
in 
Section~\ref{Sec:Versions}
several different 
variations of the atmospheric greenhouse hypotheses
will be analyzed and disproved.
The authors restrict themselves
on statements that appeared 
\textit{after} a publication 
by Lee in the well-known
\textit{Journal of Applied Meteorology} 
1973, see
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\ifthenelse{\equal{IJMPB}{\TschStyle}}
           {Ref.~\refcite{Lee1973}}
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\ifthenelse{\equal{arXiv}{\TschStyle}}
           {Ref.~\cite{Lee1973}}
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\ifthenelse{\equal{TeX4ht}{\TschStyle}}
           {Ref.~\cite{Lee1973}}
           {}
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and references therein.

Lee's 1973 paper is a milestone.
In the beginning Lee writes:
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\begin{quote}
\lq\lq
The so-called radiation \lq greenhouse\rq\
effect is a misnomer. Ironically, while the 
concept is useful in describing what occurs
in the earth's atmosphere, it is invalid for 
cryptoclimates created when space is enclosed
with glass, e.g.\ in greenhouses and solar 
energy collectors. Specifically, elevated 
temperatures observed under glass cannot be 
traced to the spectral absorbtivity of glass.
\\[2.00mm]
The misconception  was demonstrated experimentally
by R.\ W. Wood more than 60 years ago (Wood, 1909)\TschSpace%
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\cite{Wood1909}
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and recently in an analytical manner by Businger (1963)\TschSpace%
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\cite{Businger1963}.
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Fleagle and Businger (1963)\TschSpace%
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\cite{Fleagle1963}
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devoted a section of their text to the point, 
and suggested that radiation trapping 
by the earth's atmosphere 
should be called \lq atmosphere effect\rq\ to 
discourage use of the misnomer. Munn (1966)\TschSpace%
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\cite{Munn1966}
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reiterated that the analogy between \lq atmosphere\rq\
and \lq greenhouse\rq\ effect \lq is not correct
because a major factor in greenhouse climate is the 
protection the glass gives against turbulent heat 
losses\rq.
In one instance, Lee (1966)\TschSpace%
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\cite{Lee1966},
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observed that the net
flux of radiant energy actually was diminished
be pore than 10\,\%\ in a 6-mil polyvinyl enclosure.
\\[2.00mm]
In spite of the evidence, modern textbooks on
meteorology and climatology not only repeat the 
misnomer, but frequently support the false notion 
that      
\lq heat-retaining behavior of the atmosphere
is analogous to what happens in a greenhouse\rq\
(Miller, 1966)\TschSpace%
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\cite{Miller1966},
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or that 
\lq the function of the [greenhouse] glass is 
to form a radiation trap\rq\ (Peterssen, 1958)\TschSpace%
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\cite{Pettersen1958}.
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(see also Sellers, 1965, Chang, 1968, 
and Cole, 1970)\TschSpace%
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\cite{Sellers1965,Chang1968,Cole1970}.
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The mistake obviously is subjective, based on
similarities of the atmosphere and glass,
and on the \lq neatness\rq\ of the example 
in teaching. The problem can be rectified
through straightforward analysis, suitable
for classroom instruction.\rq\rq
\end{quote}
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Lee continues his analysis with a calculation based on 
radiative balance equations, which are physically
questionable. 
The same holds for a comment by Berry\TschSpace%
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\cite{Berry1974}
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on Lee's work.
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Nevertheless, Lee's paper
is a milestone marking \textit{the day after} 
every serious scientist or science educator 
is no longer allowed to compare the
greenhouse with the atmosphere, 
even in the classroom, which Lee
explicitly refers to.
